Domain report: routledge.com

Registration

info

.com generic · SafeNames Ltd. · expires 2027-02-26

Found

TLD: .com (generic)
ICANN policies apply: yes
Registrar: SafeNames Ltd.
Registered: 25 February 1994
Last changed: 27 February 2026
Expires: 26 February 2027
Status: client delete prohibited, client transfer prohibited, client update prohibited
Registry nameservers: daisy.ns.cloudflare.com, logan.ns.cloudflare.com
RDAP server: https://rdap.verisign.com/com/v1/

Checks

i

.com is a generic TLD (gTLD)

Generic TLD under an ICANN registry agreement: ICANN-accredited registrars, UDRP and RDAP apply.

#1
✓ TLD delegated and signed #2

.com is delegated in the root zone and DNSSEC-signed.
✓ Expires on 2027-02-26 #3

The registration is valid until 2027-02-26 (126 days).
✓ Transfer locked #4

Registry status: client delete prohibited, client transfer prohibited, client update prohibited.
✓ Registry and delegation match #5

The nameservers registered at the registry are the ones published in DNS.

Delegation

info

daisy.ns.cloudflare.com, logan.ns.cloudflare.com

Found

Parent zone: com
Delegation from: a.gtld-servers.net (192.5.6.30)
NS at the parent: daisy.ns.cloudflare.com, logan.ns.cloudflare.com
NS in the zone: daisy.ns.cloudflare.com, logan.ns.cloudflare.com

Nameserver	Addresses	Network (AS)	Glue
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com	173.245.58.90 108.162.192.90 172.64.32.90 2606:4700:50::adf5:3a5a 2803:f800:50::6ca2:c05a 2a06:98c1:50::ac40:205a	AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US	108.162.192.90 172.64.32.90 173.245.58.90 2606:4700:50::adf5:3a5a 2803:f800:50::6ca2:c05a 2a06:98c1:50::ac40:205a
logan.ns.cloudflare.com	173.245.59.198 108.162.193.198 172.64.33.198 2803:f800:50::6ca2:c1c6 2606:4700:58::adf5:3bc6 2a06:98c1:50::ac40:21c6	AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US	108.162.193.198 172.64.33.198 173.245.59.198 2606:4700:58::adf5:3bc6 2803:f800:50::6ca2:c1c6 2a06:98c1:50::ac40:21c6

Checks

i

2 nameservers

Two nameservers meet the minimum; RFC 2182 recommends three or more for important zones: daisy.ns.cloudflare.com, logan.ns.cloudflare.com.

#6
✓ Parent and zone agree #7

The parent delegation and the zone's NS records list the same nameservers.
✓ No glue needed #8

All nameservers are outside the zone, so no glue records are needed.
✓ All names resolve #9

Every nameserver name has an address and is not an alias.
✓ Nameservers in different networks #10

The nameservers are spread over 6 IPv4 /24s and 4 IPv6 /48s.
i

All nameservers in one AS

All nameserver addresses are announced by one network operator (AS13335 (CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US): 12 addresses). An outage or attack on that network affects all nameservers; large anycast providers mitigate this, but a secondary DNS provider adds independence.

#11
i

All nameserver names under .com

All nameserver names are under one TLD, so a problem with that TLD also makes the nameservers unreachable. Some operators use names under two TLDs for extra resilience.

#12
✓ All reachable over IPv6 #13

Every nameserver has an IPv6 address.

Nameservers

warn

12 of 12 addresses answer authoritatively

Found

Nameserver	Answer	Recursion	TCP / EDNS	AXFR	Version
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com 173.245.58.90	NOERROR, 4 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com 108.162.192.90	NOERROR, 4 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com 172.64.32.90	NOERROR, 11 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com 2606:4700:50::adf5:3a5a	NOERROR, 5 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com 2803:f800:50::6ca2:c05a	NOERROR, 6 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com 2a06:98c1:50::ac40:205a	NOERROR, 6 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
logan.ns.cloudflare.com 173.245.59.198	NOERROR, 5 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
logan.ns.cloudflare.com 108.162.193.198	NOERROR, 5 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
logan.ns.cloudflare.com 172.64.33.198	NOERROR, 5 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
logan.ns.cloudflare.com 2803:f800:50::6ca2:c1c6	NOERROR, 12 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
logan.ns.cloudflare.com 2606:4700:58::adf5:3bc6	NOERROR, 7 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2
logan.ns.cloudflare.com 2a06:98c1:50::ac40:21c6	NOERROR, 6 ms, authoritative	no	yes / yes	refused	2026.10.2

Checks

✓ All respond #14

All 12 nameserver addresses answered.
✓ All authoritative #15

Every responding nameserver answers authoritatively for the zone.
✓ No recursion #16

The nameservers do not answer recursive queries for other domains.
!

Software version disclosed

These nameservers report their software version via version.bind/version.server, which helps attackers find known vulnerabilities: daisy.ns.cloudflare.com: "2026.10.2"; logan.ns.cloudflare.com: "2026.10.2". Hide or replace the version string.

#17
✓ Zone transfers refused #18

No nameserver allows a zone transfer to the public.
✓ TCP supported #19

All nameservers answer over TCP.
✓ EDNS supported #20

All nameservers support EDNS(0).
✓ Public addresses #21

All nameserver addresses are publicly routable.

SOA

pass

serial 2417834046 · primary daisy.ns.cloudflare.com

Found

Primary (MNAME): daisy.ns.cloudflare.com
Contact (RNAME): dns.cloudflare.com
Serial: 2417834046
Refresh / retry: 10000 s / 2400 s
Expire: 604800 s
Negative TTL: 1800 s

Serial per nameserver

Nameserver	Serial
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com (173.245.58.90)	2417834046
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com (108.162.192.90)	2417834046
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com (172.64.32.90)	2417834046
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com (2606:4700:50::adf5:3a5a)	2417834046
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com (2803:f800:50::6ca2:c05a)	2417834046
daisy.ns.cloudflare.com (2a06:98c1:50::ac40:205a)	2417834046
logan.ns.cloudflare.com (173.245.59.198)	2417834046
logan.ns.cloudflare.com (108.162.193.198)	2417834046
logan.ns.cloudflare.com (172.64.33.198)	2417834046
logan.ns.cloudflare.com (2803:f800:50::6ca2:c1c6)	2417834046
logan.ns.cloudflare.com (2606:4700:58::adf5:3bc6)	2417834046
logan.ns.cloudflare.com (2a06:98c1:50::ac40:21c6)	2417834046

Checks

✓ Serial 2417834046 everywhere #22

All nameservers serve the same version of the zone.
✓ Timers within recommendations #23

SOA refresh 2h46m40s, retry 40m, expire 7d, negative TTL 30m.
✓ Primary is a public nameserver #24

The primary nameserver daisy.ns.cloudflare.com is one of the listed nameservers.
✓ Contact dns@cloudflare.com #25

The SOA RNAME dns.cloudflare.com means dns@cloudflare.com.
✓ Timestamp serial #26

The serial 2417834046 is a Unix timestamp (2046-08-14 04:34 UTC).

DNSSEC

warn

Signed, but no DS at parent

Found

Validated by resolver: no
Denial of existence: NSEC
Signatures valid until: 23 October 2026

DNSKEY in the zone

Key tag	Role	Algorithm
2371	KSK (257)	ECDSAP256SHA256 (13)
34505	ZSK (256)	ECDSAP256SHA256 (13)

Checks

!

Signed but not delegated securely

The zone is signed but the parent has no DS record, so the signatures are not used. Publish the DS record at your registrar.

#27
✓ Modern algorithms #29

Key algorithms: ECDSAP256SHA256 (13).
✓ Short-lived signatures (online signing) #30

Signatures are valid for 50h0m0s and created on demand; the current one was made at 2026-10-21 09:32 UTC and expires at 2026-10-23 11:32 UTC.
i

NSEC

The zone uses NSEC, so its full contents can be listed by walking the NSEC chain. That is fine unless the names are sensitive.

#31

Records

pass

30 records at the apex

Found

Read from: 173.245.58.90:53

Type	Value	TTL
SOA	daisy.ns.cloudflare.com. dns.cloudflare.com. 2417834046 10000 2400 604800 1800	1800
NS	daisy.ns.cloudflare.com.	86400
NS	logan.ns.cloudflare.com.	86400
A	104.17.185.26	300
A	104.17.184.26	300
MX	10 us-smtp-inbound-1.mimecast.com.	900
MX	10 us-smtp-inbound-2.mimecast.com.	900
TXT	"MS=ms15913158"	300
TXT	"google-site-verification=SKuCqyE_CKZn9yTZE4If5Mq46enB9i8ryOVJDTSnD3Q"	300
TXT	"google-site-verification=zCOvhtD49-whwOTL8jZgrKL7cWXuXDk6SVmeBNh3VCg"	300
TXT	"uaSsDEvb6MOLggzUww76ETh8Et+RxFIjrr2Lw+7qKq1GeirNHkmXctUci27MIR+ZFOucwMAMBapGd59H3q3k3A=="	300
TXT	"v=spf1 ip4:52.31.198.36 ip4:52.31.209.56 ip4:34.240.88.199 ip4:52.16.87.118 ip4:54.76.217.134 ip4:52.214.200.95 include:amazonses.com -all"	300
CAA	0 issue "amazon.com"	300
CAA	0 issue "amazonaws.com"	300
CAA	0 issue "amazontrust.com"	300
CAA	0 issue "appviewx.com"	300
CAA	0 issue "appvx.com"	300
CAA	0 issue "awstrust.com"	300
CAA	0 issue "comodoca.com"	300
CAA	0 issue "digicert.com; cansignhttpexchanges=yes"	300
CAA	0 issue "entrust.net"	300
CAA	0 issue "letsencrypt.org"	300
CAA	0 issue "pki.goog; cansignhttpexchanges=yes"	300
CAA	0 issue "ssl.com"	300
CAA	0 issuewild "amazon.com"	300
CAA	0 issuewild "comodoca.com"	300
CAA	0 issuewild "digicert.com; cansignhttpexchanges=yes"	300
CAA	0 issuewild "letsencrypt.org"	300
CAA	0 issuewild "pki.goog; cansignhttpexchanges=yes"	300
CAA	0 issuewild "ssl.com"	300

Checks

✓ TTLs within range #32

TTLs: A 5m, MX 15m, NS 1d. The NS TTL at the parent is 2d and in the zone 1d; resolvers may use either.
✓ No CNAME at the apex #33

The zone apex has no CNAME record.
✓ No wildcard #34

Names that don't exist return NXDOMAIN.
✓ CAA restricts issuance #35

Certificates may be issued by: amazon.com, amazonaws.com, amazontrust.com, appviewx.com, appvx.com, awstrust.com, comodoca.com, digicert.com, entrust.net, letsencrypt.org, pki.goog, ssl.com.